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CTL: Teaching Resources


Teaching Resources : This section includes resources and ideas to help instructors to consider and apply a variety of pedagogical techniques as well as address common problems, issues, and questions all instructors face.

 

 

TEACHING METHODS

TEACHING TIPS & STRATEGIES

 

= video resource

 

TEACHING METHODS

General

Video series - Faculty discuss how they use a variety of instructional techniques including classroom clickers, mastery quizzes, guided discovery using case studies, in-class writing activities, and many more. Although this series was constructed for psychology instructors, many topics apply to any discipline.

Video series - Award-winning teachers at Stanford discuss a variety of teaching topics. iTunes required.

What good teachers say about teaching - Reflections from teaching award winners at Berkeley

Teaching handbook - very extensive document with lots of good advice on designing a class that motivates learning, matching teaching methods to objectives, measuring and evaluating student learning, collecting feedback to improve teaching and learning, teaching to learn, and more - from The Schreyer Institute for Teaching Excellence at Penn State University

"Seven principles for good practice in undergraduate education" - frequently-cited article that describes principles distilled from the research on teaching and learning

"Implementing the seven principles: Technology as lever" - suggestions for using technology to leverage these principles

Collection of ideas for using technology to leverage seven principles

 

Active Learning and Engagement

INTRODUCTION: Making active learning work - a good, detailed tutorial - from the Center for Teaching and Learning at the Univ. of Minnesota

What is active learning? - from the Center for Excellence in Teaching and Learning at the University of California, Davis

"Learning by doing"

"Active learning: Creating excitement in the classroom" - another good overview from Charles Bonwell and James Eison

Overcoming obstacles to more student-centered instruction - good article describing a number of obstacles and strategies to overcome them

"Basic instructor habits to keep students engaged" - by Carl Wieman

Promoting active learning - 29 specific techniques and strategies

EXAMPLE: Two-minute pause in the lecture - from the Center for Teaching Development at UC-San Diego

Active learning resources - quite a few here

Engaging students in large classes - an experienced teachers describes how she engages her students to be active learners - from the Center for Research on Learning and Teaching at the University of Michigan

Using technology and collaboration to engage students - an experienced teacher "discusses how he revised a course to increase student motivation and engagement using project-based learning and technology tools, such as blogs and wikis." - from the Center for Research on Learning and Teaching at the University of Michigan

"Top ten strategies to integrate social justice into the classroom" - from the Center for Teaching and Faculty Development at San Francisco State University

 

Giving Lectures

INTRODUCTION: "Effective lecturing" - good introduction and overview - IDEA Paper 46 - from The IDEA Center

EXAMPLES: Sample lectures from award-winning teachers at Berkeley - Some include commentary about the class design.

Designing smart lectures - a good, detailed tutorial -- includes some video examples - from the Center for Teaching and Learning at the Univ. of Minnesota

Lecturing effectively - some good suggestions from the Handbook on instruction from Florida State University

Tips on effective teaching (particularly lecturing) - This is a good checklist to review as you examine your lecturing or discussion-leading - from the Center for Teaching and Learning at Stanford University.

Interactive lectures - "This module on Interactive Lectures has strategies and specific examples of activities to involve students in large and small lecture-based classes." - from the Science Education Resource Center at Carleton College

Nine things students complain about on evaluations in lecture courses - a good list to be aware of - from the Office of Educational Development at Berkeley

Tips on lecturing - from Tools of Teaching by Barbara Gross Davis

Including "change-ups" in lectures - To recapture or maintain student attention, it is often necessary to intersperse lecture with active engagement in some way.

Twenty ways to make lectures more participatory - from the Derek Bok Center for Teaching and Learning, Harvard University

Using cues, questions, and advance organizers

What is and how to create good advance organizers - from The Northeast Texas Network Consortium Coordinating Office

 

Case-based Teaching

INTRODUCTION: Using cases in teaching - good, detailed overview of the process - from Information Technology Services at Penn State University

Teaching using case studies - another good overview - from the UK Centre for Materials Education

Resources for case writing - from The Schreyer Institute for Teaching Excellence at Penn State University

EXAMPLES: Case Study Teaching in Science - a tremendous resource with many well-constructed cases, articles on teaching through cases, and more - from the National Center for Case Study Teaching in Science

"Using case studies to teach science" - from the American Institute of Biological Sciences

 

Problem-based Learning (PBL)

INTRODUCTION: Problem-based learning - from the PBL Network at the Illinois Math and Science Academy - also find a nice summary of the common steps of PBL, sample problems/scenarios/tutorials, and articles on PBL.

Brief overview of PBL - from the Maricopa Center for Learning and Instruction

Resources on PBL - The Center for Teaching, Learning and Scholarship at Samford University provides an excellent overview of PBL, a good description of the process of implementing it, and a large collection of course examples (portfolios).

Problem-based case learning - a variation on problem-based learning using cases - includes a thorough description of the process as well as videos of PBCL at work

Video example - This 24-minute video uses a couple problem examples to take you through the process of using problem-based learning, including video of students working on a problem. It provides a very detailed illustration of how PBL can work.

EXAMPLES: The Institute for Transforming Undergraduate Education at the University of Delaware provides some sample syllabi and problems for PBL. If you register for free for the PBL Clearinghouse at this site you get access to a much larger number of examples across many disciplines.

 

Fostering Discussion

General

INTRODUCTION: "Effective classroom discussions" - a good overview of the purposes, processes, and roles of classroom discussion - IDEA Paper 49 - from The IDEA Center

"Facilitating discussion: A brief guide" - an excellent and rather detailed set of suggestions for encouraging participation, creating rapport, using small groups and more - from the John S. Knight Institute for Writing in the Disciplines at Cornell University

Effective discussion questions - from the Center for Teaching and Learning at Stanford Univ.

"Getting more out of classroom discussion" - from the Center for Teaching & Learning at UC-Santa Cruz

Increasing student participation

Increasing student participation - some suggestions - from The Teaching Center at Washington University in St. Louis

Increasing student participation - more suggestions

"Encouraging student participation in discussion" - a good set of strategies - from Tools of Teaching by Barbara Gross Davis

How to get students to talk in class - from the Center for Teaching and Learning at Stanford University

Getting shy students to participate - a few ideas - from the Office of Educational Development at Berkeley

"How do I bring out shy students?" - a few more ideas - from the Teaching and Learning Center at the Univ. of Oregon

Specific methods/suggestions

Student-led discussion groups - from The Schreyer Institute for Teaching Excellence at Penn State University

Feedback discussions - a technique to foster the development of discussion skills - "Divide the class into two groups. One group will be part of an inside circle having a discussion and the other half will be taking notes on group dynamics and the quality of the discussion. The inside group will be given a designated number of questions to discuss on a particular topic. (At the midpoint in the class the groups will switch roles.) The instructor takes his/her place in the outside circle and should not interfere unless absolutely necessary." - from the Teaching and Learning Center at the Univ. of Oregon

"Answering and asking questions" - some good suggestions - IDEA Paper 31 - from The IDEA Center

Asking and answering questions - suggestions for asking good questions and responding to student questions - from the Office of Educational Development at Berkeley

"Asking more effective questions" - contrasts convergent and divergent questions as well as high-level and low-level questioning to provide a lot of good suggestions - from William McComas and Linda Abraham

Responding to wrong or not-very-good answers

Using debates - an example of a format to promote debate and reflection on it - from the Office of Educational Development at Berkeley

Some more suggestions for fostering discussion/participation - from the Center for Teaching Excellence at the Univ. of Maryland

Some more suggestions for fostering discussion - from the Center for Instructional Development and Research at the Univ. of Washington

"Engaging students in discussion online" - from the Center for Instructional Development and Research at the Univ. of Washington

EXAMPLE: Two-minute pause in the lecture - from the Center for Teaching Development at UC-San Diego

 

Fostering Deep Learning

INTRODUCTION: "Promoting deep learning" - IDEA Paper 47 - from The IDEA Center

 

Fostering Writing

Writing for learning - good essay by Peter Elbow describing types of writing and ways to respond to student writing

"Strategies to improve student writing" - IDEA Paper 48 - from The IDEA Center

Developing writing assignments

"Checklist for designing writing assignments"

"Suggestions for designing effective formal writing assignments"

Evaluating writing assignments

"Ten tips for evaluating student writing"

Responding to student writing - some advice

 

Fostering Thinking

Identifying similarities and differences - good research-based advice on how and why to encourage students to recognize similarities and differences - from Northwest Regional Educational Laboratory

"Helping your students develop critical thinking skills" - IDEA Paper 37 - from The IDEA Center

Nonlinguistic representation - Research finds that students learn best when learning through both linguistic and nonlinguistic representations, such as images, auditory input, movement, and graphic organizers (see concept mapping below).

Concept mapping

Good overview and step-by-step guide - from Michael Zeilik, University of New Mexico

Concept mapping - another description of how concept mapping can be used to foster interconnections of concepts, this time in mathematics

Concept mapping - the why and how of concept (mind) mapping - from Karen Rohrbauck Stout, Western Washington University - includes a particularly good idea on using silent mapping to promote discussion

Why and how of concept maps - a good, detailed article on the theoretical underpinnings of concept maps as well as an extensive description of many ways concept maps can be used for instruction

More readings on concept mapping

Concept maps as assessment tools - good article

Concept maps as formative assessments - "At the beginning of an Introductory Meteorology unit on Moisture in the Atmosphere the instructor passes out copies of a concept map to her students. The major concepts are identified, but detail is missing. As the unit progresses the instructor asks students to add to the original concept map. For example the students could add:

* the types of reservoirs that occur on land
* different types of precipitation
* additional mechanisms such as transpiration

As the unit progresses the students continue to see the major concepts repeatedly, and the instructor can track student understandings of the relationships of parts to the whole (or misconceptions) as they arise by collecting and reviewing the concept maps."

Examples of use of concept mapping for instruction and assessment

NCC Faculty: Jon Mueller: Social Psychology - In the past, I (Jon Mueller) asked my students to graphically describe the relationship between eight or more concepts in relation to some theme. For example, in the first concept map assignment students drew a map describing the relationship between three social motives (social comparison, consistency and control) and related concepts (e.g., relative deprivation, insufficient justification, reactance, unrealistic optimism) we discussed as they connect to an event of their choosing. On my essay tests I ask short questions that require students to connect two or three concepts together. But the map allows me to see them connect significantly more concepts in a more complex manner. In Fall 2002 when I first assigned concept maps the students struggled with the first map because they (and I) did not quite know what they should be doing. In Spring 2003 I shared a couple maps from the Fall, and I received a much better collection of maps. The first map was completed in pairs; some of the remaining maps were completed individually and others in pairs.

Concept map rubric

Concept Map Assignment 1
Concept Map Assignment 2
Concept Map Assignment 3
Concept Map Assignment 4
Concept Map Assignment 5

Geoscience courses

Software for concept mapping

Teaching with analogies

Teaching-with-analogy model - description of how to teach with analogies, with a few examples - from The Sourcebook for Teaching Science

 

Fostering Reading

Teaching critical reading - from the Graduate Student Instructor Teaching and Resource Center at Berkeley

Getting students to read

Getting students to prepare/read for class

"Getting students to read: 14 tips" - IDEA Paper 40 - from The IDEA Center

"Using textbooks effectively; getting students to read them" - an essay from Denise Boyd

Considering ways to increase reading of text by students - Becky Clemente points to this good resource: "Some of you may find that the information in this blog post titled 'An Exemplar of Pedagogical Scholarship Takes on Student Reading' and the original research article causes you to consider other ways to create authentic approaches to having your students read assigned text. A brief excerpt may increase your curiosity...'Hoeft surveyed 124 students in two sections of a required first-year seminar course at the small Midwestern two-year liberal arts university where she teaches. She had four objectives in mind. She wanted to know how many students were doing the reading and if those who said they were could demonstrate a basic understanding of the material. She also wanted to compile a list of reasons why students said they did and did not do the readings, and she thought students might have ideas as to what might motivate more of them to complete the assigned readings. Forty-six percent of these students said they were doing the reading. That's a higher percentage than reported in several other studies cited in the article, but still not the percentage any of us would hope for and the next finding is even more distressing. To ascertain whether students had a basic understanding of the reading, Hoeft asked them to paraphrase the assignment in three sentences being as explicit as possible. Only 55% of those who reported doing the reading were able to provide a summary. Hoeft wondered if students said they were doing the reading when they weren't because they thought that's what the professor expected, or were their reading comprehension skills were really this dismal.' Hoeft, M. E. (2012). Why university students don't read: What professors can do to increase compliance. International Journal for the Scholarship of Teaching and Learning, 6 (2)."

 

Service Learning

101 ideas for combining service and learning - from Western New Mexico University

 

Just-In-Time-Teaching (JITT)

 

Giving and Getting Feedback

Giving feedback TO students

Providing feedback to students - from the Office of Educational Development at Berkeley

Providing feedback - good research-based advice from Northwest Regional Educational Laboratory

Getting and using feedback FROM students

A variety of strategies - for collecting and using feedback from students - from the Center for Teaching and Learning at Stanford University

The "muddiest point" technique - Find out what your students are most confused about at the end of a class, and use their responses in a variety of ways - from the Center for Instructional Innovation & Assessment at Western Washington University

Focused listing activity - To see if students were able to identify the main ideas from that day's class

Student self-assessment for improvement - Students can take the accompanying assessment of their approaches to and attitudes about learning, and then reflect on the results to gain insight into their strengths and weaknesses. From the On Course Workshop.

Sample mid-term evaluation questions - to collect feedback from students - another example - both from the Office of Educational Development at Berkeley

EXAMPLE: Using student blogs to provide feedback on writing

 

Groups and Collaborative/Cooperative Learning

INTRODUCTION: Cooperative learning - good overview from the Cooperative Learning Institute and Interactive Book Company

Active/Cooperative Learning Site - detailed descriptions and examples of preparing, planning, implementing, and assessing cooperative learning - from Arizona State University

Collaborative Learning - lots of good information and techniques for collaborative learning - from the National Institute for Science Education

Designing effective group activities - article by Michaelsen, Fink, and Knight

"Enhancing learning -- and more -- through cooperative learning" - good overview of cooperative learning and good advice - IDEA Paper 38 - from the IDEA Center

"Cooperative learning: Students working in small group" - another good overview and specific suggestions

"Effective strategies for cooperative learning" - good article by Richard Felder and Rebecca Brent

Sample of small group activities for learning - from the Center for Teaching and Learning at Stanford University

The Jigsaw Classroom - lots of resources here - "Here is how it works: The students in a history class, for example, are divided into small groups of five or six students each. Suppose their task is to learn about World War II. In one jigsaw group, Sara is responsible for researching Hitler's rise to power in pre-war Germany. Another member of the group, Steven, is assigned to cover concentration camps; Pedro is assigned Britain's role in the war; Melody is to research the contribution of the Soviet Union; Tyrone will handle Japan's entry into the war; Clara will read about the development of the atom bomb. Eventually each student will come back to her or his jigsaw group and will try to present a well-organized report to the group. The situation is specifically structured so that the only access any member has to the other five assignments is by listening closely to the report of the person reciting."

Working in groups - advice for faculty and students - from the Derek Bok Center at Harvard University

Using groups in classes - essay by Barbara Gross Davis

"Commonly asked questions about teaching collaborative activities" - from The Schreyer Institute for Teaching Excellence at Penn State University

"Using small groups effectively" - brief essay with suggestions - from the Center for Instruction, Research and Technology at Indiana State University

Strategies for good group work - from Barbara Gross Davis

"Changing a course from lecture format to cooperative learning" - from the Center for Instructional Development and Research at the University of Washington

Creating classroom connections - a description of techniques used by Joseph Trimble to increase the feelings of connectedness among his students

Using technology to promote student collaboration inside and outside the classroom - a good, hour-long talk by a Stanford English faculty member describing how she uses new, social technologies to foster collaboration

How to effectively incorporate teamwork into your courses - from Teaching and Learning with Technology at Penn State University

Assessing group work - a variety of options of how to do so

Review of research on cooperative learning - article (2009) published in Educational Researcher

 

 

TEACHING TIPS & STRATEGIES

 

General

Addressing instructional goals - Here is a good set of short articles providing ideas for addressing elements of good teaching often found on course evaluation forms such as "Explained the reasons for criticisms of students' academic performance," or "Explained course material clearly and concisely." - from The IDEA Center

Addressing learning goals for students - Here is a good set of short articles, similar to the above entry, providing ideas for promoting student learning, with titles such as “Learning fundamental principles, generalizations, or theories,” “Acquiring skills in working with others as a member of a team,” and “Learning to analyze and critically evaluate ideas, arguments, and points of view.” - from the IDEA Center

Solve a teaching problem - a unique site that identifies a number of common teaching problems (e.g., students do poorly on an exam, students don't come to lecture), helps you diagnose the likely cause(s), and suggests strategies for addressing the problem

"What can I do about feeling tired, stressed, and burned out?"

 

Syllabus and Course Structure

Content tyranny - "Does the content tyrant rule your classroom? If you say, "I can't do that; I have to cover the content," every time a colleague offers a suggestion about how to improve your teaching, there's a good chance it does." This brief essay suggests some signs to look for and strategies to address content tyranny.

Samples of academic dishonesty/plagiarism statements on syllabi

Course Design

INTRODUCTION: Overview of an effective approach to course design -- This is a good place to start in thinking about designing a new course or redesigning an old one. It is based on the Understanding by Design model.

Fink Taxonomy for course design - this is a popular model for designing or rethinking a course, and this article provides a good step-by-step overview.

Design and teach a course - a lot of good suggestions for most aspects of course design - from the Eberly Center for Teaching Excellence at Carnegie Mellon University

Course design tutorial - developed by Barbara Tewksbury and R. Heather Macdonald

Planning a course - good advice from an expert teacher

Course design - from the Center for Instructional Development and Research at the University of Washington

Teaching for Learning - a good, hour-long talk by a Stanford English faculty member describing how she shifted the focus of her course from "what she should teach" to "what students should learn." She uses her experiences with a Literary History course to illustrate the process she went through and the challenges she encountered and overcame.

Syllabus development

"Components of a comprehensive course syllabus" - A good list of common syllabus components

Syllabus development - a good, detailed tutorial

What is an effective syllabus? - Takes you through each component

Learning-centered syllabi - good, detailed advice from the Center for Excellence in Learning and Teaching at Iowa State University

First/last day of class

Top 10 tips for first day - from The Center for Teaching and Faculty Development at San Francisco State University

First day of class - See two video examples of instructors on the first days of their courses (scroll to bottom of page to find video links)

More strategies for the first days/weeks of class

More advice on the first day of class - from the Center for Teaching at Vanderbilt University

Eight objectives for the first day of class - from the Eberly Center for Teaching Excellence at Carnegie Mellon University

Learning student names - 27(!) techniques from Joan Middendorf

Last day of class - some suggestions

Internationalizing your course - a good, detailed tutorial

Learning objectives

INTRODUCTION: Writing learning objectives - very good, detailed description of how to create learning objectives for your courses - from The Schreyer Institute for Teaching Excellence at Penn State University

Developing learning outcomes/goals for your courses

Determining learning objectives - from the Handbook of instruction from Florida State University

Rubric for assessing course objectives

 

Building Rapport

"Establishing rapport: Personal interaction and learning" - IDEA Paper 39 - from The IDEA Center

Student information sheet - description of how an instructor uses information gathered from students on the first day to build rapport throughout the course -- two examples are given of the questions asked of students

 

Copy Rights

"Know your copy rights" - Excellent guide on what you can and cannot do with materials you want to use for your classes

 

Motivating Students

INTRODUCTION: Promoting positive student motivation - Good overview of theory and research on student motivation with some suggestions - IDEA Paper 41 - from The IDEA Center

Strategies for motivating students

"Capturing and directing the motivation to learn"

Getting students to prepare/read for class

"Getting students to read: 14 tips" - IDEA Paper 40 - from The IDEA Center

Teaching critical reading - from the Graduate Student Instructor Teaching and Resource Center at Berkeley

 

Teaching Diverse Students

Diversity Web - "An interactive resource hub for higher education" - from the Association of American Colleges and Universities

Diversity and inclusive excellence - publications from the Association of American Colleges and Universities

Variety of resources and suggestions - from the Schreyer Institute for Teaching Excellence at Penn State University

Creating inclusive college classrooms - from the Center for Research on Learning and Teaching at the University of Michigan

Inclusive teaching - strategies and resources from the Center for Instructional Development and Research at the Univ. of Washington

Teaching students with disabilities - a variety of suggestions for a number of specific disabilities (e.g., ADHD, visual disabilities)

Multicultural teaching - information and strategies from the Center for Research on Teaching and Learning at the Univ of Michigan

Universal Design for Learning - "is a set of principles for curriculum development that give all individuals equal opportunities to learn. UDL provides a blueprint for creating instructional goals, methods, materials, and assessments that work for everyone--not a single, one-size-fits-all solution but rather flexible approaches that can be customized and adjusted for individual needs."

 

Problem Students and Disruptive Behavior

Managing conflict - a good, detailed tutorial

Suggestions for handling problem students and disruptive behaviors

"Managing hot moments in the classroom" - some good advice for dealing with conflicts and emotional moments

Incivility in the college classroom - a variety of strategies and resources

Reducing incivility in the classroom - good literature on the research as well as practical strategies to reduce it

Establishing class rules - This activity asks students to identify the qualities of a "good" instructor, then identify the qualities of a "good" student, and then mutually agree to exhibit those qualities.

"Top ten tips for addressing sensitive topics and maintaining civility in the classroom" - from the Center for Teaching and Faculty Development at San Francisco State University

Difficult students: Four case studies

 

Promoting Academic Integrity

Strategies and tools for preventing/addressing academic dishonesty

"Academic integrity: A letter to my students" - a detailed description of this instructor's expectations for himself and his students

Tips for discouraging plagiarism

"Paraphrasing textual material" - a good how-to resource for your students

"But I changed the words: Educating the cut and paste generation" - a good brochure for you and your students on using electronic sources

Academic Integrity - links for instructors and students - particularly recommended is list of suggestions for encouraging academic integrity

A variety of good resources on academic integrity in the classroom

"Promoting academic integrity in the classroom" - good essay describing the issues as well as best practices

Strategies and tools for preventing/addressing academic dishonesty

Samples of academic dishonesty/plagiarism statements on syllabi

 

Promoting Study and Learning Skills

Summarizing and notetaking - brief but good research-based advice

EXAMPLE: Using cell phones to summarize complex text

In-class note-taking skills - good list of advice for students

More note-taking skills

 

Metacognition (awareness of and thinking about one's thinking)

"Helping students link effort and performance" - Here's a good article in the APS Observer about how teachers can assist students who believe they put a lot of effort into a task but do not end up with good performance. Here is an article the first one reminded me of that I use often and has a great title: "Why people fail to recognize their own incompetence." It summarizes research finding that our weaker students not only are weak, but also can't identify when their performance is weak. Unfortunately, those same students are often the ones who don't know how to fix their performance even if it is pointed out to them that it is weak. The first article gives some good suggestions about helping such students.

 

Using Technology in Instruction

Using technology and collaboration to engage students - an experienced teacher "discusses how he revised a course to increase student motivation and engagement using project-based learning and technology tools, such as blogs and wikis."

Ten instructional technology tools - This article provides a brief overview of some newer technologies instructors are using such as blogs, wikis, and classroom response systems (clickers). Here are links to more information on some of these tools.

Accessible Technology
(
Using technology in such a way that all students, including those with disabilities, can take advantage of it)

Improving accessibility of documents and media - excellent video tutorials and other resources on how to make Word, PowerPoint, Excel, and PDF documents more accessible - from The California State Universities

Making instructional materials accessible - from CSU-Long Beach

Creating accessible web pages - from The California State Universities

Accessibility and Usability Guide - extensive resources from Penn State University


PowerPoint

Active learning with PowerPoint - a good, detailed tutorial

Pros and cons of PowerPoint - Four essays on the uses and misuses of PowerPoint

Lecture Capture

What is it? Lecture capture is the process of videotaping or audiotaping a lecture from class or creating a mini-lecture to be shared online with students before or after a class. Such online lectures can serve as review for students, or serve as additional lecture material, or serve as the primary lecture material so class time can be used for more interactive experiences.

Lecture capture: A guide for effective use -- A good description of lecture capture, uses of it, issues to consider, and suggestions for implementation

Instructional Blogging

Best practices and case studies on using blogs in your courses


Classroom Responses Systems
(Clickers)

Overview of clickers - what they are and how they are used, and some additional reading

Use of clickers - good description of how clickers can be used in the classroom

Teaching with clickers


Online and electronic research

Savvy Web searching: Helping students research electronically - a good, detailed tutorial


Online discussions

Crafting questions for online discussions

 

Humor

Humorous stories and jokes